Security logging and monitoring are two of the most essential security controls recommended by security standards and guidelines. And there’s a reason for that.
In this article, you'll understand what security logging and monitoring are, why they matter, and the key challenges involved. Finally, you'll get to know how ThreatKey integrates with your security logging to enhance your cybersecurity.
What Are Logging and Monitoring?
To understand logging and monitoring in general, you should first understand their basic concepts.
1. Events
Let's first understand what an event is, as it's fundamental to logging and monitoring. An event is a notable occurrence in the operation of a software component. An event may describe what a user did, a change in the component's internal state or external environment, or a failure to handle a situation.
Events come from every level of software architecture. Events from device drivers, an operating system, and system services are called system events. Those from server software, user applications, and application libraries are called application events. Events can also be categorized by their sources — user devices like smartphones, internet of things (IoT) devices, network routers, workstations, web servers, database servers, and so on.
2. Logs
A log — or event log — is a record of a sequence of events. It stores the order of events, timestamps, source details, and other event-specific information for the long term. Depending on the use case, log data can be stored as log files on disk, as records in a database, or as items in persistent queues.
There are different types of logs based on the type of events they contain and their purposes. For example, there are system logs, application logs, security logs, and performance logs.
3. Logging and Monitoring
Logging refers to the tasks of generating, collecting, and storing logs.
Log management covers all the aspects and policies necessary for logs to satisfy the business goals they support. These aspects include log generation, collection, storage, archiving, data transfer, analysis, search, retention, deletion, and security.
Log monitoring refers to analyzing, searching, understanding, visualizing, and responding to logs. Visualization and analytics provide infrastructure-wide overviews and metrics on graphical dashboards but also support looking at the logs and metrics of a single system or device.
Together, logging, log monitoring, and log management help you observe your infrastructure in real time. In this way, they support your business goals and decision-making in areas like operations, security, and performance.
Logging vs. Tracing
Many people, including software engineers, confuse logging and tracing because the names of tracing libraries often contain "log".
Tracing helps show the logic and flows inside a software component. It's mostly meant to help internal software engineering teams uncover bugs in their code and verify that their software logic is behaving as expected. Tracing is usually not meant to be seen by the software's customers or users (with some rare exceptions).
In contrast, logging records notable events that are relevant to the software's customers and users. It allows observation of the software that you purchase or deploy in production as a customer. It supports your operations and security teams in their respective business goals.
What Are Security Logging and Monitoring?
As you may have guessed, security logging and monitoring focus on security events and logs. Security logging covers the generation, collection, and storage of security event logs. Security monitoring refers to the analysis and visualization of security logs. They include:
- Audit logs that record audit trails of authentication attempts from user accounts or system accounts and the security policy decisions for them
- Device logs that record device-specific security events, like firewall logs
- System logs from the operating system or system services with events that impact security, like security policy changes
- Application logs from servers and applications (web, desktop, smartphone, or software-as-a-service) that record security-impacting events like configuration changes and application programming interface (API) calls
Security Logging vs. General Logging
General and security logging may both be managed by the same centralized log management system. But once the logs are collected, security logging and monitoring differ from general logging and monitoring:
- Security logging and monitoring are handled by your security organization consisting of a security operations center, security analysts and engineers, threat intelligence specialists, and similar roles. In contrast, general logging and monitoring are done by operations and software engineering teams.
- Log management, retention periods, and security policies for security logs are often different from those for operational or performance logs.
Security Log Examples
Security log entries contain information like:
- The source of an action or event, like its IP address
- The timestamp of the event
- The log message with useful descriptive information about the event
- Priority and category of the event
Why Security Logging Is Key
Let's understand three of the main benefits of security logging.
1. Cyberattack Detection and Prevention
The most important benefits of security logging are security incident detection and prevention. Log analysis supports the following capabilities:
- Intrusion detection: Finds malicious attempts to enter your network perimeter
- Malware detection: Finds malicious software installed or embedded in your systems
- User and entity behavior analysis: Detects suspicious activities of users and software
- Anomaly detection: Establishes baseline security behaviors so that security systems can judge deviations from them as suspicious anomalies that warrant investigation
- Authentication alerts: Notifies security teams about events like repeated failed login attempts
- Access control: Flags attempts by unauthorized users to access protected data or perform protected actions
- Incident response: Guides incident response actions according to the events recorded in logs
2. Cyberattack Forensic Investigations
Despite your best efforts, you may experience a cyberattack like a data breach and discover it only months later. Security logging becomes critical to understand when and how it happened.
3. Regulatory Compliance
Security logging and monitoring are essential components recommended by all regulatory standards, cybersecurity, and application security guidelines. A few examples:
- The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) mandates log management and monitoring procedures for healthcare companies.
- The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) cybersecurity framework provides guidelines related to logging for cyber risk management and security assessments.
- The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standards (PCI DSS) requirements on audit logs (PDF) say, "retain audit trail history for at least one year, with a minimum of three months immediately available for analysis (for example, online, archived, or restorable from backup)."
5 Drawbacks and Security Challenges of Security Logging
Security logs are just another type of data, and like any data, they face data security risks. Security logging and log management procedures can bring additional security challenges to your organization. Here’s how: